![]() ![]() In the picture the dots are all the same color, size, and shape. An example of this is in the picture above. The Gestalt principle of proximity is when an individual perceives several objects that are close together as belonging together. Proximity Image Source: Wikimedia Commons In this AP® Psychology review, we will cover these aspects of the Gestalt and apply them to the AP® exam to get you that 5 you are looking for. By perceiving objects as well as the world around us we reflect these Gestalt principles. These principles are divided up into five categories: proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure. Gestalt principles are the different ways individuals group stimuli together in order to make a whole that makes sense to them. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Within the AP® Psychology section of perception are the multifaceted principles of Gestalt. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. Interpersonal attraction and close relationships. When asked to consider the degree of similarity between the self and a close friend, compared with the self and a random inhabitant of planet Earth, or, for that matter, a random person living elsewhere in the same country, state, or neighborhood, the relevance of similarity for friendship usually becomes quickly apparent. This is probably a healthy part of the process of expressing and accepting one’s individuality. After all, when a person reflects on his or her own friendships, he or she often notices the differences more than the similarities. People sometimes question evidence about the similarity-attraction link for subjective reasons. Overall, all four of these explanations likely contribute to the effect of similarity on attraction. Obviously, attraction cannot develop between persons who have not encountered each other. Because attitudes and values direct much of a person’s behavior (for example, people who love baseball attend more baseball games than people who don’t), he or she is simply more likely to encounter others who have similar attitudes and values than others with dissimilar preferences. Finally, fortune or chance also seems to play a part. Third, interaction with similar others may be more enjoyable than interaction with dissimilar others, inasmuch as similar others tend to share one’s own interests, values, and activity preferences. As other research has shown, anticipated rejection usually diminishes attraction. Second, all other things being equal, people more readily expect rejection by dissimilar others than by similar others. First, because similar others are more likely than are dissimilar others to possess opinions and worldviews that validate one’s own, interaction with similar others is a likely source of social reinforcement. Why does similarity attract? At least four explanations have received consistent empirical support. Years of research have produced such robust evidence that one researcher referred to the effects of similarity on attraction as a “law.” In striking contrast, many attempts to find support for a sister principle, known as the complementarity principle (“opposites attract”) have failed to find more than a highly selective effect in limited contexts. The degree of correspondence between partners is then compared with that of random pairs of people, people with a tepid attraction to each other or, more commonly, chance. The second method entails correlational studies, which assess the properties of interest in relationship partners, often by questionnaire. These descriptions are manipulated to vary in their degree of similarity, from very similar to very dissimilar, to the participant’s own standing on whatever dimensions the investigator wishes to study. First, in laboratory experiments, participants are given descriptions of a person they are about to meet. Similarity-attraction research embodies the popular adage, “birds of a feather flock together.” This effect has been studied extensively, usually in one of two ways. Similarity-Attraction Effect Background and Modern Usage Personality similarity has shown weaker, but still important, effects on attraction. Similarity effects tend to be strongest and most consistent for attitudes, values, activity preferences, and attractiveness. Many different dimensions of similarity have been studied, in both friendship and romantic contexts. Attraction means not strictly physical attraction but, rather, liking for or wanting to be around the person. The similarity-attraction effect refers to the widespread tendency of people to be attracted to others who are similar to themselves in important respects. ![]()
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